Stretch film basics
How wrapped pallets are tested: load stability and EUMOS 40509
Written by Öncümak Engineering Team3 min read
In short
A wrapped pallet is tested by pushing it sideways with a known force, usually 0.5 g, and measuring how far it deforms. The European guidelines describe a tilt test and two acceleration tests; the pallet-level acceleration test follows EUMOS 40509. A pallet passes if it springs back within set limits and nothing is damaged.
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Stretch film basics
- What is stretch film?
- Hand vs machine stretch film: what's the difference?
- What is pre-stretched film?
- What is coreless stretch film?
- PE stretch film vs PVC cling film: what's the difference?
- Is stretch film recyclable?
- Where is slit stretch film used?
- Black and coloured stretch film: what is the colour for?
- Why stretch film tears, breaks or does not cling, and how to fix it
- How to wrap a pallet with stretch film
- How many pallets does a roll of stretch film wrap? Film use and cost per pallet
- Stretch film vs shrink film: what is the difference?
- How to use coreless stretch film: handles, dispensers and wrapping machines
- When is pre-stretched film not the right choice?
- How to measure the pre-stretch on a pallet wrapper
- Stretch hood vs stretch wrap: which one fits your pallets?
- How wrapped pallets are tested: load stability and EUMOS 40509
- Recycled content (PCR) stretch film and plastic packaging taxes
- How to store stretch film: temperature, humidity and shelf life
- One-sided vs two-sided cling stretch film
- UV-resistant stretch film for outdoor storage
- Stretch film for moving house: how to wrap furniture and boxes
- Slit stretch film, strapping or tape: which one for bundling?
- Which width for which product? Slit stretch film rolls and dispensers
Advice & investment
- How to choose a stretch film rewinding machine
- How to calculate stretch film roll length and weight
- Stretch film thickness: what do the microns change?
- How much does a stretch film rewinding machine produce?
- How to start a stretch film rewinding business
- How to choose jumbo rolls for stretch film rewinding
- What determines the price of stretch film?
Why test a wrapped pallet?
When a truck brakes, turns or swerves, every pallet on it is pushed sideways by its own inertia. The European Commission's cargo securing guidelines (2014) state that the rigidity of a load unit cannot be judged by looking at it, nor by measuring the forces in the film or straps. Instead, they point to a type test.
This matters on the road: when pallets are secured by blocking them against the vehicle, the same guidelines ask that each pallet load withstand an acceleration of 0.5 g in all directions of travel.
How a load can fail
The guidelines describe several ways a pallet load gives way under sideways forces:
- all layers slide over the pallet;
- layers slide over each other;
- layers lift and tilt around one of their bottom edges;
- the load breaks into two parts, because the film holds the bottom more strongly than the top;
- the products collapse under high local pressure, even when sliding and tilting are prevented.
Film and straps can prevent most of these by pressing the layers together and holding the load at each height. The last one can only be solved by changing the product's own packaging.
The three test methods
The EU guidelines accept any of three methods:
| Method | How it works | Approach |
|---|---|---|
| Tilt test | The loading platform is tilted; 26.6° corresponds to 0.5 g, 38.7° to 0.8 g | Static (EN 12195-1) |
| Acceleration test at pallet level | A platform accelerates the pallet for at least 0.3 s, reaching the set level within 0.05 s | Dynamic (EUMOS 40509) |
| Acceleration test at vehicle level | A loaded vehicle drives an S-curve (0.5 g) and makes an emergency stop (0.8 g) | Dynamic (EN 12642) |
Pass criteria
The guidelines measure deformation as a percentage of the load's height:
- elastic deformation during the test: less than 10%;
- permanent deformation after the test: less than 6 cm and less than 5%;
- no damage: the products and their packaging must show no permanent deformation or damage.
What is EUMOS 40509?
EUMOS, the European Safe Logistics Association, publishes standards for load safety. EUMOS 40509 is the test method for load unit rigidity on an acceleration bench; its current version revises the 2012 edition. EU Directive 2014/47/EU on roadside inspections of commercial vehicles lists EUMOS 40509 (transport packaging) among the standards that apply to cargo securing.
What it means for stretch film
The test checks the whole system: the load, the film and the way the film was applied. Lab studies show how much the wrapping matters:
- In a 2021 study (Tkaczyk et al., Sensors), a pallet wrapped with standard 23 µm film at 100% stretch failed a 0.5 g test, while a multilayer film applied at 300% passed with about half the film.
- In a 2025 study by the same group, the holding force grew in a straight line with the number of wraps.
So a pallet that fails can often be fixed with the settings: more stretch, more wraps at the base, more holding force. See how to wrap a pallet and how to measure pre-stretch.
Sources(5)
- European Commission (2014). European Best Practice Guidelines on Cargo Securing for Road Transport
- Directive 2014/47/EU on the technical roadside inspection of the roadworthiness of commercial vehicles, Annex III. EUR-Lex
- Lansmont. EUMOS 40509: Test method for load unit rigidity
- Tkaczyk, S., Drozd, M., Kędzierski, Ł., Santarek, K. (2021). Study of the Stability of Palletized Cargo by Dynamic Test Method Performed on Laboratory Test Bench. Sensors 21(15), 5129.
- Tkaczyk, S., Jagelčák, J., Szpotański, M., Sędrowicz, R. (2025). Pilot Study of Stretch Film for Securing Palletized Loads. Sensors 25(22), 6883.
Related machines
- What is stretch film?Stretch film is a thin, highly elastic plastic film, usually made from LLDPE, that is stretched around goods and holds them together as it tries to return to its original length. It keeps pallets stable, clean and tamper-evident during storage and transport.
- Hand vs machine stretch film: what's the difference?Hand stretch film comes in small, light rolls that people apply by hand; machine stretch film comes in larger, heavier rolls made for pallet wrapping machines. Both are usually LLDPE; the differences are roll size, core, how far the film is stretched and how it is applied.
- What is pre-stretched film?Pre-stretched film is stretch film that has already been stretched, typically by 300–500%, during rewinding, before it reaches the user. It is thinner and lighter, takes far less effort to apply and uses less film per pallet, but it has little stretch left, so it suits standard loads better than very sharp or irregular ones.
- What is coreless stretch film?Coreless stretch film is wound without a paper core, so the whole roll is usable film. It removes the cost and waste of cores, makes rolls lighter to ship and to dispose of, and is usually applied with a simple reusable handle or dispenser.
- PE stretch film vs PVC cling film: what's the difference?PE stretch film is a polyethylene film made to secure pallets and bundles. PVC cling film is a thin, clear film made from polyvinyl chloride, used mainly to wrap food. They are different materials for different jobs, and PVC cling film, as a food-contact material, has to meet food-contact legislation.
- Is stretch film recyclable?Yes. Stretch film is polyethylene, marked with recycling code 4 (LDPE), and can be recycled where used film is collected clean and separately from other materials. New packaging rules in the EU and Türkiye push in the same direction: less packaging, recyclable packaging and responsibility for the packaging you place on the market.
- Where is slit stretch film used?Slit stretch film is ordinary stretch film cut into narrow rolls. Narrow rolls are easier to handle on small, long or round products (profiles, cables, hoses, pipes) and are used for bundling and surface protection, from building-product plants to car workshops.
- Black and coloured stretch film: what is the colour for?Most stretch film is clear, but black, white and coloured films exist for good reasons: hiding and protecting the load, colour-coding pallets or showing a brand. Colour also affects how easily the film can be recycled.
- Why stretch film tears, breaks or does not cling, and how to fix itMost film breaks start at the load (sharp corners and edges), in the roll (nicks, damaged edges, flaws) or in the settings (too much force or pre-stretch). Poor cling usually comes from cold, very fresh or badly stored film. Check the load, the roll and the settings, in that order, before you change the film.
- How to wrap a pallet with stretch filmFasten the film to the pallet, wrap the base several times so the load is locked to the pallet, spiral up with an even overlap and finish with extra wraps at the top. The holding force comes from the film's tension and the number of layers, so the right number of wraps depends on the load. For loads that travel by road, machine wrapping gives far more holding force than wrapping by hand.
- How many pallets does a roll of stretch film wrap? Film use and cost per palletThe fastest way to find out is to weigh: weigh a roll, wrap ten pallets, weigh it again and divide. To estimate before you wrap, multiply the number of wraps by the pallet's perimeter, divide by how far the film is stretched, and convert metres to grams. Compare films by cost per pallet, not by price per roll.
- Stretch film vs shrink film: what is the difference?Stretch film is applied cold: it is stretched around the load and holds it as it tries to contract. Shrink film is applied loose and then heated, so that it shrinks tightly around the product. Stretch film is the usual choice for pallets; shrink film is used for retail packs and for some pallet loads such as bricks, where it is applied as a hood and heated.
- How to use coreless stretch film: handles, dispensers and wrapping machinesA coreless roll has a hole where the core would be. By hand, it is used with a reusable handle or dispenser that fits into that hole, so the roll is easy to hold and its last metres can be used too. On pallet wrapping machines, a reusable adapter takes the place of the core. Match the handle or adapter to the roll's inner diameter and the whole roll can be used.
- When is pre-stretched film not the right choice?Pre-stretched film saves film and effort when pallets are wrapped by hand or on simple wrappers. It is not the right tool for holding heavy or unstable loads together by hand, and it is not meant for wrappers with powered pre-stretch, which stretch conventional machine film themselves. Choose by the load, the wrapping method and the cost per pallet.
- How to measure the pre-stretch on a pallet wrapperPre-stretch is given as the percentage by which the film gets longer: at 250%, one metre of film from the roll becomes 3.5 metres. To check it, draw two marks 10 cm apart on the film before it is stretched and measure them again afterwards. Measure whenever you change the film or the settings: the stretch decides how much film each pallet uses.
- Stretch hood vs stretch wrap: which one fits your pallets?A stretch hood is a film sleeve, smaller than the load, that a machine stretches and pulls over the pallet; stretch wrap is film wound around the load in layers. Hoods are fast, fully automatic and protect well against the weather, but each load size needs its own hood. Stretch wrap adapts to almost any load, by machine or by hand.
- Recycled content (PCR) stretch film and plastic packaging taxesStretch film counts as plastic packaging, so plastic packaging taxes and recycled-content rules apply to it. The UK taxes plastic packaging with less than 30% recycled content, Spain taxes the non-recycled plastic in single-use packaging, Türkiye charges a recovery contribution per kilogram, and from 2030 the EU will require 35% post-consumer recycled content in most plastic packaging. Check the details for your country with an advisor.
- How to store stretch film: temperature, humidity and shelf lifeStore stretch film indoors, away from sunlight and moisture, at about 10–30 °C and 25–60% relative humidity, and use it within a year. Let it adapt to the room where it will be used for at least 24 hours. Cold film is stiffer and stretches less, and very fresh film may not cling fully yet.
- One-sided vs two-sided cling stretch filmCling is what makes the layers of stretch film stick to each other. It can be built into one side of the film, both sides, or both sides at different levels. One-sided cling film keeps neighbouring pallets from sticking together, but the cling side must face the load. You can find the cling side by sticking the film to itself.
- UV-resistant stretch film for outdoor storageStandard stretch film is not UV-resistant: in sunlight it yellows, weakens and loses its cling and stretch. UV-stabilised film contains an additive that slows this down, and producers state protection for about 9 to 12 months outdoors. Clear UV film protects the film itself; to protect sun-sensitive goods too, use an opaque UV film.
- Stretch film for moving house: how to wrap furniture and boxesStretch film is one of the handiest materials for a move: it keeps drawers and doors shut, bundles loose parts and protects surfaces from dust and scratches. Clean and dry everything first, and never wrap wood, antiques, leather or upholstery directly: put blankets or paper underneath so that moisture is not trapped.
- Slit stretch film, strapping or tape: which one for bundling?For light bundling, a narrow roll of stretch film is often the simplest choice: it clings to itself, covers and protects the surface and leaves no adhesive residue. Straps are cheap and very good at stopping loads from tilting, but they need corner protection and plastic straps lose tension over time. Tape closes boxes but can leave residue on the goods. Heavy loads often need film and straps together.
- Which width for which product? Slit stretch film rolls and dispensersSlit rolls are cut from a jumbo roll into equal widths: a 50 cm jumbo roll gives 25, 16.6, 12.5 or 10 cm rolls and so on down to 5 cm. As a rule, the thinner and rounder the item, the narrower the roll. A handle or dispenser that fits the roll's core makes narrow film faster and easier to apply.